Oropouche Virus Detected In The US: Expert Insights On 'Sloth Fever' and What You Should Know
Posted 14 Sep 2024 | Source: https://www.onlymyhealth.com/
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have issued a health alert, warning public health officials about the rising cases of the Oropouche virus, commonly known as sloth fever, in the United States.
As per the Health Alert Network (HAN) Health Advisory, the virus originates from endemic areas in the Amazon basin and new areas in South America and the Caribbean. As of August 1, 2024, more than 8,000 cases of Oropouche virus have been reported, including two deaths and five cases of vertical transmission associated with foetal death or congenital abnormalities. Countries reporting cases include Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, and Cuba.
As of August 16, 2024, there have been 21 cases in the US, including 20 in Florida, all of whom had been in Cuba, and 19 in Europe, including 12 in Spain, five in Italy, and two in Germany.
What Is Oropouche Virus Or Sloth Fever?
Oropouche virus disease, or sloth fever, is an arboviral disease caused by the Oropouche virus. The virus gets its name from a village in Trinidad and Tobago, where it was first detected in a 24-year-old forest worker in 1955.
Before 2000, Oropouche virus outbreaks were reported in Brazil, Panama, and Peru, with evidence of animal infections in Colombia and Trinidad, according to the CDC. Over the last 25 years, cases have surfaced in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Panama, and Peru. In 2014, a child in Haiti was also found to be infected.
In 2023, the Oropouche virus was detected in South America, and in June 2024, Cuba reported its first confirmed case. Most US cases reported in recent times have involved individuals with recent travel history to Cuba. As of now, there is no evidence of local transmission within the US.
How Does The Oropouche Virus Transmit To Humans?
There is currently no evidence that the Oropouche virus spreads from person to person. This means that it is not contagious.
However, the disease primarily spreads to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes, particularly those of the genus Culex, Dr Swati Rajagopal, Consultant – Infectious Disease and Travel Medicine, Aster CMI Hospital, Bengaluru, told the OnlyMyHealth team, adding that these mosquitoes generally breed in stagnant water.
When a person is bitten by an infected mosquito, the virus enters their bloodstream, leading to the onset of symptoms. Additionally, there is evidence suggesting that the virus may also be transmitted through contact with infected animals, particularly sloths, which serve as reservoirs for the virus. Therefore, humans can get infected while visiting forested areas and are likely to introduce the virus into urban settings.
Symptoms Of Sloth Fever
According to the CDC, around 60% of those infected with Oropouche virus develop symptoms, with an incubation period of 3 to 10 days.
The US Health Body draws similarity between the diseases caused by dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses and says that initial clinical presentation may include acute onset of fever, chills, headache, myalgia, and arthralgia.
Other symptoms can include eye pain, photophobia, or light sensitivity, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, fatigue, maculopapular rash, conjunctival injection, and abdominal pain.
While the illness is mostly mild, it is estimated that less than 5% of patients can develop hemorrhagic manifestations, such as epistaxis, gingival bleeding, melena, menorrhagia, petechiae, or neuroinvasive disease, such as meningitis and meningoencephalitis.
What Could Be Contributing To The Recent Sloth Fever Cases In The US?
According to Dr Rajagopal, the recent surge in Oropouche fever within the US could be influenced by various factors.
“Environmental changes may be creating ideal conditions for the mosquitoes that transmit the virus to thrive. Additionally, shifts in human behaviour, such as increased outdoor activities or travel to endemic regions, could heighten exposure risks. Climate change may also be altering the habitats of the virus carriers and animal reservoirs, contributing significantly to the spread of this disease,” she shared.
What Are The Treatments And Preventative Measures For Sloth Fever?
Oropouche virus disease can be identified through various symptoms. Lab tests can confirm the diagnosis, following which healthcare providers provide insights on managing the illness.
Currently, there are no specific medicines to treat the disease. Treatment primarily focuses on relieving symptoms, which include taking rest, drinking plenty of fluids, and using analgesics and antipyretics, which help reduce fever and pain. Those who develop more serious symptoms should be hospitalised for close monitoring and supportive care.
Can Sloth Fever Be Prevented?
Unfortunately, there are no vaccines to prevent the illness.
The most effective way to prevent Oropouche virus disease is by protecting oneself from biting midges and mosquitoes.
Additionally, avoid travelling to countries where the disease is prevalent or take proper measures, such as wearing full-sleeved shirts and pants, using mosquito and insect nets, and applying insect repellents.
